Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamics of public investment in agricultural R&D and scientific manpower, assesses their productivity outcomes across the BRICS countries, and explores opportunities for collaboration. There are significant inter-country disparities in R&D capacity, with China leading in both investment and manpower, followed by India. Notably, China’s research expenditure exceeds that of the US, and India is steadily narrowing the gap with the US.

Abstract: Mark Carney’s warning of “a rupture in the world order” captures the shifting foundations of the multilateral trading system ahead of the WTO’s Fourteenth Ministerial Conference (MC14). Once the anchor of a rules-based trade regime, the WTO is now grappling with both internal and external pressures.

Abstract: The Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) identifies the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in its preamble. The WTO agreements have addressed environmental concerns primarily through exceptions.